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The parliament of Jordan is the bicameral Jordanian national assembly: "Majlis al-Umma". Established by the 1952 Constitution, the legislature consists of two houses: the House of Senate ("Majlis al-Aayan") and the House of Representatives ("Majlis al-Nuwaab"). The House of Senate has 75 members, all of whom are directly appointed by the King, while the House of Representatives has 150 elected members, with nine seats reserved for Christians, three are for Circassian and Chechen minorities, and fifteen for women.〔 The Constitution ensures that the Senate cannot be more than half the size of the House of Representatives. The members of both houses serve for four-year terms.〔("World Factbook: Jordan" ), U.S. Central Intelligence Agency〕 The number of Senators was increased to 75 in October 2013, after the House of Representatives saw a rise in the number of Representatives earlier the same year. ==Political history == As a developing constitutional monarchy, Jordan has survived the trials and tribulations of Middle Eastern politics. The Jordanian public has experienced limited democracy since gaining independence in 1946 however the population has not suffered as others have under dictatorships imposed by some Arab regimes.〔http://www.uk.oneworld.net/guides/jordan/development〕 The 1952 Constitution provided for citizens of Jordan to form and join political parties.〔http://www.idea.int/publications/dem_jordan/upload/Jordan_country_report_English.pdf〕 Such rights were suspended in 1967 when a state of emergency was declared and martial law and suspension of Parliament, continuing until it was repealed in 1989. In 1988 King Hussein cut political ties with the West Bank following the Israeli occupation. Subsequently, civil unrest followed with Prime Minister al-Rifa’i alleged to have used heavy-handed tactics against the population which resulted in riots in April 1989. After the riots had subsided the King fired al-Rifa’i and announced elections for later that year. The King’s action to re-convene parliament elections was considered a significant move forward in enabling the Jordanian public to have greater freedoms and democracy, this has been labelled by the think tank Freedom House as, “the Arab World's most promising experiment in political liberalization and reform”.〔Countries at the Crossroads 2006 Country Report – Jordan http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=140&edition=7&ccrpage=31&ccrcountry=118〕 The resumption of the parliamentary election was reinforced by new laws governing the media and publishing as well as fewer restrictions on freedoms of expression. Following the legalization of political parties in 1992, 1993 saw the first multi-party elections held since 1956.〔Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. (Profile: Jordan ). March 2008.〕 The country is now one of the most politically open in the Middle East permitting opposition parties such as the Islamic Action Front (IAF), the political wing of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood. The influence of the IAF significantly reduced in 2007 when their parliamentary representation fell from seventeen to six. The Monarch still holds the true levers of power, appointing members of the House of Senate and has the right to replace the prime minister, a step that King Abdullah II of Jordan took in April 2005.〔UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (Jordan: Year in Brief 2005 – A chronology of democratic developments ). 15/01/2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Parliament of Jordan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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